| Africanus, Africana, Africanum |
African; from/of Africa; plants/animals from Africa |
| Africus, Africa, Africum |
African; from the southwest |
| Alpis, Alpis F |
Alps, mountains to the north of Italy |
| Asia, Asiae F |
Asia; Asia Minor; the East |
| Cicero, Ciceronis M |
Cicero |
| Cn., abb. |
Gnaeus |
| Gallus, Galla, Gallum |
Gallic, of Gaul/the Gauls; class of gladiator w/Gallic armor |
| Hercules, Herculis M |
Hercules |
| Italia, Italiae F |
Italy |
| M'., abb. |
Manius |
| Mars, Martis M |
Mars, Roman god of war; warlike spirit, fighting, battle, army, force of arms |
| Mercurius, Mercurii M |
Mercury |
| Poenus, Poena, Poenum |
Carthaginian, Punic; of/associated w/Carthage; Phoenician; scarlet, bright red |
| Pompeius, Pompei M |
Pompeius; , triumvir) |
| Pontius, Ponti M |
Pontius |
| Q., abb. |
Quintus |
| Roma, Romae F |
Rome |
| Sarmata, Sarmatae M |
Sarmatian; people from south Russia/Iran |
| Spes, Spei F |
Spes, goddess of hope; hope personified |
| Suebus, Suebi M |
Swabian |
| T., abb. |
Titus, Roman praenomen |
| Tullius, Tulli M |
Tullius; M. Tullius Cicero, orator |
| Ulixes, Ulixis M |
Ulysses/Odysseus |
| V |
5, as a Roman numeral |
| Vespasianus, Vespasiani M |
Vespasian |
| abs |
by, from; after |
| abundo, abundare, abundavi, abundatus |
abound, have in large measure; overdo, exceed; overflow; be rich/numerous |
| accendo, accendere, accendi, accensus |
kindle, set on fire, light; illuminate; inflame, stir up, arouse; make bright |
| accipio, accipere, accepi, acceptus |
take, grasp, receive, accept, undertake; admit, let in, hear, learn; obey |
| addo, addere, addidi, additus |
add, insert, bring/attach to, say in addition; increase; impart; associate |
| adfector, adfectari, adfectatus sum |
aim at, desire, aspire, try, lay claim to; try to control; feign, pretend |
| adfirmo, adfirmare, adfirmavi, adfirmatus |
affirm/assert; confirm, ratify, restore; emphasize |
| adhuc |
thus far, till now, to this point; hitherto; yet, as yet; still; besides |
| adjicio, adjicere, adjeci, adjectus |
add, increase, raise; add to; suggest; hurl; throw to/at |
| adjungo, adjungere, adjunxi, adjunctus |
add, attach, join to, add to, support; apply to; harness, yoke; direct; confer |
| admiratio, admirationis F |
wonder, surprise, astonishment; admiration, veneration, regard; marvel |
| adsigno, adsignare, adsignavi, adsignatus |
assign, distribute, allot; award, bestow; impute; affix seal |
| adsimulo, adsimulare, adsimulavi, adsimulatus |
make like; compare; counterfeit, simulate, imitate, pretend, feign, act a part |
| adspicio, adspicere, adspexi, adspectus |
look/gaze on/at, see, observe, behold, regard; face; consider, contemplate |
| adulatio, adulationis F |
flattery, adulation; prostrating oneself; fawning, courtship |
| adveho, advehere, advexi, advectus |
carry, bring, convey |
| adventus, adventus M |
arrival, approach; visit, appearance, advent; ripening; invasion, incursion |
| adverto, advertere, adverti, adversus |
turn/face to/towards; direct/draw one's attention to; steer/pilot |
| aequalis, aequale, aequalior -or -us, aequalissimus -a -um |
equal, similar; uniform, level, flat; of the same age/generation/duration |
| aequaliter, aequalitius, aequalitissime |
evenly, alike, uniformly; equally, to an equal measure/extent; symmetrically |
| aequus, aequa -um, aequior -or -us, aequissimus -a -um |
level, even, equal, like; just, kind, impartial, fair; patient, contented |
| ago, agere, egi, actus |
drive/urge/conduct/act; spend; thank; deliver |
| aliquam |
largely, to a large extent, a lot of |
| aliquid |
to some degree/extent; somewhat |
| alo, alere, alui, altus |
feed, nourish, rear, nurse, suckle; cherish; support, maintain, develop |
| ambio, ambire, ambivi, ambitus |
go round, visit in rotation, inspect; solicit, canvass; circle, embrace |
| amicitia, amicitiae F |
friendship, bond between friends; alliance, association; friendly relations |
| amicus, amica -um, amicior -or -us, amicissimus -a -um |
friendly, dear, fond of; supporting, loyal, devoted; loving |
| amputo, amputare, amputavi, amputatus |
lop/cut off, prune, shorten; amputate; eradicate, exclude, take away; castrate |
| ancon, anconis M |
projecting arm/crosspiece; clamp; bracket; piston rod; drinking vessel; armrest |
| animadverto, animadvertere, animadverti, animadversus |
pay attention to, attend to; notice, observe; judge, estimate; punish |
| animal, animalis N |
animal, living thing/offspring; creature, beast, brute; insect |
| annalis, annalis M |
book of annuals/chronicles; annals, chronicle, history, yearbooks |
| ante |
in front/presence of, in view; before; over against, facing |
| antiquus, antiqua -um, antiquior -or -us, antiquissimus -a -um |
old/ancient/aged; time-honored; simple/classic; venerable; archaic/outdated |
| aperio, aperire, aperui, apertus |
uncover, open, disclose; explain, recount; reveal; found; excavate; spread out |
| appellatio, appellationis F |
appeal; name, term; noun; title, rank; pronunciation |
| appello, appellare, appellavi, appellatus |
call; address; dun; solicit; appeal; bring to court; accuse; name |
| aquarius, aquaria, aquarium |
of/for water; requiring water |
| ara, arae F |
altar, structure for sacrifice, pyre; sanctuary; home; refuge, shelter |
| arbitro, arbitrare, arbitravi, arbitratus |
think, judge; consider; be settled/decided on |
| arbor, arboris F |
tree; tree trunk; mast; oar; ship; gallows; spearshaft; beam; squid? |
| argumentum, argumenti N |
proof; evidence, fact; argument; conclusion; reason, basis; subject/plot |
| armum, armi N |
arms, weapons, armor, shield; close fighting weapons; equipment; force |
| asper, aspera -um, asperior -or -us, asperrimus -a -um |
rude/unrefined; cruel/violent/savage/raging/drastic; stern/severe/bitter; hard |
| asperitas, asperitatis F |
roughness; severity; difficulty; harshness; shrillness, sharpness; fierceness |
| aspernor, aspernari, aspernatus sum |
despise, scorn, disdain; spurn, push away, repel, reject; refuse, decline |
| assum, adesse, affui, affuturus |
be near, be present, be in attendance, arrive, appear; aid |
| atque |
and, as well/soon as; together with; and moreover/even; and too/also/now; yet |
| audio, audire, audivi, auditus |
hear, listen, accept, agree with; obey; harken, pay attention; be able to hear |
| auguro, augurare, auguravi, auguratus |
prophesy, predict, foretell; practice augury; make known intention to |
| avis, avis F |
bird; sign, omen, portent |
| barditus, barditus M |
trumpeting; war-cry, battle-cry |
| bellicus, bellica, bellicum |
of war, military; warlike |
| bellor, bellari, - |
fight, wage war, struggle; take part in war/battle/fight |
| bellum, belli N |
war, warfare; battle, combat, fight; war; military force, arms |
| bellus, bella -um, bellior -or -us, bellissimus -a -um |
pretty, handsome, charming, pleasant, agreeable, polite; nice, fine, excellent |
| bracchium, bracchi(i) N |
arm; lower arm, forearm; claw; branch, shoot; earthwork connecting forts |
| caelestis, caeleste, caelestior -or -us, caelestissimus -a -um |
heavenly, of heavens/sky, from heaven/sky; celestial; divine; of the Gods |
| caelus, caeli M |
heaven, sky, heavens; space; air, climate, weather; universe, world; Jehovah |
| canalis, canalis |
channel/canal/conduit; ditch, gutter; trough, groove; funnel; pipe, spout |
| candidus, candida -um, candidior -or -us, candidissimus -a -um |
bright, clear, transparent; clean/spotless; lucid; candid; kind; innocent, pure |
| cano, canere, cecini, cantus |
sing, celebrate, chant; crow; recite; play/sound; foretell |
| cantus, cantus M |
song, chant; singing; cry; blast; poem, poetry; incantation |
| capillus, capilli M |
hair; hair of head; single hair; hair/fur/wool of animals; hair-like fiber |
| capio, capere, cepi, captus |
take hold, seize; grasp; take bribe; arrest/capture; put on; occupy; captivate |
| capitulum, capituli N |
chapter/article; religious/cathedral chapter, chapter meeting/house |
| captivitas, captivitatis F |
captivity/bondage; capture/act of being captured; blindness; captives |
| captivus, captiva, captivum |
caught, taken captive; captured, imprisoned; conquered; of captives |
| cardo, cardinis M |
hinge; pole, axis; chief point/circumstance; crisis; tenon/mortise; area; limit |
| carmen, carminis N |
card for wool/flax; song/music (woven with words); incantation, magic formula |
| casus, casus M |
fall, overthrow; chance/fortune; accident, emergency, calamity, plight; fate |
| catapulta, catapultae F |
catapult, an engine which shot large arrow/bolt/missile; missile itself |
| celebro, celebrare, celebravi, celebratus |
celebrate/perform; frequent; honor/glorify; publicize/advertise; discuss/bandy |
| centenus, centena, centenum |
hundred |
| certus, certa -um, certior -or -us, certissimus -a -um |
fixed, settled, firm; certain; trusty/reliable; sure; resolved, determined |
| chorobates, chorobatae M |
level, instrument consisting of a long pole with a groove for water |
| cibus, cibi M |
food; fare, rations; nutriment, sustenance, fuel; eating, a meal; bait |
| circito, circitare, circitavi, circitatus |
go round as a hawker/peddler/solicitor; frequent, be busy |
| classis, classis F |
class/division of Romans; grade; levy/draft; fleet/navy; group/band |
| clementer, clementius, clementissime |
leniently, mercifully; mildly/softly; slowly/at an easy rate/gradually, gently |
| coagmento, coagmentare, coagmentavi, coagmentatus |
join/fasten together, connect; make by joining/construct; fit together |
| cogitatio, cogitationis F |
thinking, meditation, reflection; thought; intention; plan; opinion, reasoning |
| cohibeo, cohibere, cohibui, cohibitus |
hold together, contain; hold back, restrain, curb, hinder; confine; repress |
| colo, colere, colui, cultus |
live in, inhabit; till, cultivate, promote growth; foster, maintain |
| comito, comitare, comitavi, comitatus |
accompany, go along with; attend; follow; grow alongside |
| comminus |
hand to hand, in close combat/quarters; close at hand; in presence of |
| committo, committere, commisi, commissus |
bring together, unite/join, connect/attach; put together, construct; entrust |
| comparo, comparare, comparavi, comparatus |
prepare; provide; compose; collect, get together/hold of; raise; unite |
| comperio, comperire, comperi, compertus |
learn/discover/find; verify/know for certain; find guilty |
| compingo, compingere, compegi, compactus |
join/fix/attach; bind together; build/construct/compose; put/shut away, confine |
| complector, complecti, complexus sum |
embrace, hug; welcome; encircle, encompass; attain; include, bring in, involve |
| complus, (gen.), compluris |
many, several, a fair/good number; more than one |
| comprobo, comprobare, comprobavi, comprobatus |
approve, accept, sanction, ratify; prove, justify, confirm, attest, bear out |
| concedo, concedere, concessi, concessus |
relinquish/give up/concede; depart; pardon; submit, allow/grant/permit/condone |
| concentus, concentus M |
singing/playing/shouting together; harmony; concord; tune; choir |
| concilio, conciliare, conciliavi, conciliatus |
unite, bring together/about; cause; win over, attract; acquire, procure, buy |
| conditor, conditoris M |
original builder, founder; originator/creator; author; preserver; organizer |
| confinium, confini(i) N |
common boundary; border, limit; proximity/nearness/neighborhood |
| confirmo, confirmare, confirmavi, confirmatus |
strengthen, develop, build up; make secure/firm; reassure; secure |
| conglobatio, conglobationis F |
accumulation; massing together; crowding/gathering together |
| conjunx, (gen.), conjugis |
yoked together; paired; linked as a pair |
| conlocatio, conlocationis F |
placing/siting; position; arrangement, ordering; marrying |
| conloco, conlocare, conlocavi, conlocatus |
place/put/set in order/proper position, arrange; station, post, position; apply |
| conscientia, conscientiae F |
knowledge, complicity; conscience; sense of guilt, remorse |
| conscius, conscia, conscium |
conscious, aware of, knowing, privy; sharing knowledge; guilty |
| consecro, consecrare, consecravi, consecratus |
consecrate/dedicate, set apart; hallow, sanctify; deify; curse; vow to a god |
| consilium, consili(i) N |
debate/discussion/deliberation/consultation; advice/counsel/suggestion; adviser |
| conspicuus, conspicua, conspicuum |
visible, clearly seen, in sight/full view; illustrious/notable/famous/striking |
| constituo, constituere, constitui, constitutus |
set up/in position, erect; place/dispose/locate; halt; plant |
| consto, constare, constiti, constatus |
agree/correspond/fit, be correct; be dependent/based upon; exist/continue/last |
| consuetudo, consuetudinis F |
habit/custom/usage/way; normal/general/customary practice, tradition/convention |
| consultatio, consultationis F |
full/mature deliberation/consideration/discussion; consultation; inquiry |
| consulto, consultare, consultavi, consultatus |
consult, take counsel; form plans, provide; consult oracle/astrologer |
| contendo, contendere, contendi, contentus |
stretch, draw tight, make taut; draw/bend; tune; stretch out |
| contineo, continere, continui, contentus |
secure, maintain, sustain; fasten/hold in position; retain, keep safe, preserve |
| contingo, contingere, contigi, contactus |
touch; reach; border on, be connected with; affect, hit; take hold, seize |
| credo, credere, credidi, creditus |
trust, entrust; commit/consign; believe, trust in, rely on, confide; suppose |
| cultus, cultus M |
habitation; cultivation; civilization, refinement; polish, elegance |
| cum |
when, at the time/on each occasion/in the situation that; after; since/although |
| cuneus, cunei M |
wedge; wedge-shaped stone/area/rack/block of seats; battalion/etc in a wedge |
| currus, currus M |
chariot, light horse vehicle; triumphal chariot; triumph; wheels on plow; cart |
| d., abb. |
diem, abb. d; in calendar expression a. d.= ante diem= before the day |
| dea, deae F |
goddess |
| decido, decidere, decidi, decisus |
detach, cut off/out/down; fell; cut/notch/carve to delineate; flog thoroughly |
| defero, deferre, detuli, delatus |
carry/bring/sink/fall down/off; convey/deliver/transfer; reduce/slope |
| demo, demere, dempsi, demptus |
take/cut away/off, remove, withdraw; subtract; take away from |
| describo, describere, descripsi, descriptus |
describe/draw, mark/trace out; copy/transcribe/write; establish |
| descriptio, descriptionis F |
description/descriptive story; drawing of diagram/plan; indictment; transcript |
| desidero, desiderare, desideravi, desideratus |
desire/want, long/wish for, request, require/need; miss, lack; lose |
| detineo, detinere, detinui, detentus |
detain, hold; hold off, keep away; hold prisoner; retain; occupy |
| detraho, detrahere, detraxi, detractus |
drag/pull/strip/take down/away/off; remove; exclude, omit, cut out; subtract |
| deturbo, deturbare, deturbavi, deturbatus |
upset/topple, bring tumbling down; dislodge; strike/beat to ground |
| dico, dicere, dixi, dictus |
say, declare, state; allege, declare positively; assert; plead |
| dies, diei |
day; daylight; open sky; weather |
| differo, differre, distuli, dilatus |
postpone/delay/differ; put off, keep waiting; give respite to; differ, disagree |
| diligenter, diligentius, diligentissime |
carefully; attentively; diligently; scrupulously; thoroughly/completely/well |
| dioptra, dioptrae F |
surveying/optical instrument |
| discerno, discernere, discrevi, discretus |
see, discern; distinguish, separate |
| diu, diutius, diutissime |
a long/considerable time/while; long since |
| divido, dividere, divisi, divisus |
divide; separate, break up; share, distribute; distinguish |
| divus, diva -um, -, divissimus -a -um |
divine; blessed, saint |
| doceo, docere, docui, doctus |
teach, show, point out |
| donec |
while, as long as, until |
| dubito, dubitare, dubitavi, dubitatus |
doubt; deliberate; hesitate; be uncertain/irresolute |
| eadem |
by the same route; at the same time; likewise; same |
| edo, edere, edidi, editus |
eject/emit; put/give forth; beget; bear; display/evince/exhibit |
| efficax, efficacis (gen.), efficacior -or -us, efficacissimus -a -um |
effective, capable of filling some function; legally valid |
| effigies, effigiei F |
copy, image, likeness, portrait; effigy, statue; ghost |
| effundo, effundere, effudi, effusus |
pour out/away/off; allow to drain; shower; volley; send/stream forth |
| eligo, eligere, elegi, electus |
pick out, choose |
| eodem |
to the same place/purpose |
| equus, equi M |
horse; steed |
| erga |
towards, opposite |
| error, erroris M |
wandering; error; winding, maze; uncertainty; deception |
| erumpo, erumpere, erupi, eruptus |
burst/pop; cause to burst; become dislocated |
| eundem |
same, the same, the very same; also |
| evalesco, evalescere, evalui, - |
increase in strength; prevail, have sufficient strength |
| evenio, evenire, eveni, eventus |
come out/about/forth; happen; turn out |
| exemplum, exempli N |
example, sample, specimen; instance; precedent, case; warning, deterrent |
| exigo, exigere, exegi, exactus |
drive out, expel; finish; examine, weigh |
| exiguus, exigua, exiguum |
small; meager; dreary; a little, a bit of; scanty, petty, short, poor |
| expedio, expedire, expedivi, expeditus |
disengage, loose, set free; be expedient; procure, obtain, make ready |
| expello, expellere, expuli, expulsus |
drive out, expel, banish; disown, reject |
| experior, experiri, expertus sum |
test, put to the test; find out; attempt, try; prove, experience |
| explico, explicare, explicavi, explicatus |
unfold, extend; set forth, display, exhibit, explain, disentangle |
| exploro, explorare, exploravi, exploratus |
search out, explore; test, try out; reconnoiter, investigate |
| expono, exponere, exposui, expositus |
set/put forth/out; abandon, expose; publish; explain, relate; disembark |
| exspecto, exspectare, exspectavi, exspectatus |
lookout for, await; expect, anticipate, hope for |
| exsto, exstare, -, - |
stand forth/out; exist; be extant/visible; be on record |
| exter, extera -um, exterior -or -us, extremus -a -um |
outer/external; outward; on outside, far; of another country, foreign; strange |
| f., abb. |
son/daughter; filius/filia, abb. f. |
| fabulosus, fabulosa, fabulosum |
storied, fabulous; celebrated in story |
| facilis, facile, facilior -or -us, facillimus -a -um |
easy, easy to do, without difficulty, ready, quick, good natured, courteous |
| fallo, fallere, fefelli, falsus |
deceive; slip by; disappoint; be mistaken, beguile, drive away; fail; cheat |
| familia, familiae F |
household; household of slaves; family; clan; religious community |
| fas, undeclined N |
divine/heaven's law/will/command; that which is right/lawful/moral/allowed |
| fastigo, fastigare, fastigavi, fastigatus |
make pointed; slope to point; exalt to high |
| fictilis, fictilis, fictile |
of clay; made of earthenware, earthen |
| figuro, figurare, figuravi, figuratus |
form, fashion, shape |
| filius, fili M |
son |
| finio, finire, finivi, finitus |
limit, end; finish; determine, define; mark out the boundaries |
| fistula, fistulae F |
shepherd's pipe; tube; waterpipe |
| flecto, flectere, flexi, flexus |
bend, curve, bow; turn, curl; persuade, prevail on, soften |
| flumen, fluminis N |
river, stream; any flowing fluid; flood; onrush |
| foramen, foraminis N |
hole, aperture; fissure |
| fortis, forte, fortior -or -us, fortissimus -a -um |
strong, powerful, mighty, vigorous, firm, steadfast, courageous, brave, bold |
| fortitudo, fortitudinis F |
strength, courage, valor; firmness |
| fortuitus, fortuita, fortuitum |
casual, accidental, fortuitous, happening by chance |
| fortuna, fortunae F |
chance, luck, fate; prosperity; condition, wealth, property |
| frango, frangere, fregi, fractus |
break, shatter, crush; dishearten, subdue, weaken; move, discourage |
| fremo, fremere, fremui, fremitus |
roar; growl; rage; murmur, clamor for |
| fretus, freta, fretum |
relying on, trusting to, supported by |
| frugifer, frugifera, frugiferum |
fruit-bearing, fertile |
| funis, funis M |
rope; line, cord, sheet, cable; measuring-line/rope, lot |
| genus, generis N |
birth/descent/origin; race/family/house/stock/ancestry; offspring/descent |
| geometria, geometriae F |
geometry |
| geometricus, geometrica, geometricum |
geometrical |
| gesto, gestare, gestavi, gestatus |
bear, carry; wear |
| graecus, graeca, graecum |
Greek |
| gratulatio, gratulationis F |
congratulation; rejoicing |
| gravis, grave, gravior -or -us, gravissimus -a -um |
heavy; painful; important; serious; pregnant; grave, oppressive, burdensome |
| gravito, gravitare, gravitavi, gravitatus |
revolve |
| habitatio, habitationis F |
lodging, residence |
| haurio, haurire, hausi, haustus |
draw up/out; drink, swallow, drain, exhaust |
| hinnio, hinnire, hinnivi, hinnitus |
neigh |
| hodie |
today, nowadays; at the present time |
| horridus, horrida, horridum |
wild, frightful, rough, bristly, standing on end, unkempt; grim; horrible |
| hortamen, hortaminis N |
encouragement |
| hospitium, hospiti(i) N |
hospitality, entertainment; lodging; guest room/lodging; inn |
| hostia, hostiae F |
victim, sacrifice; sacrificial offering/animal |
| hostis, hostis |
enemy; stranger, foreigner; the enemy |
| humanus, humana -um, humanior -or -us, humanissimus -a -um |
human; kind; humane, civilized, refined |
| idem, eadem, idem |
same, the same, the very same, also |
| igitur |
therefore, so/then; consequently; accordingly; well/in that case |
| ignoro, ignorare, ignoravi, ignoratus |
not know; be unfamiliar with; disregard; ignore; be ignorant of |
| ignosco, ignoscere, ignovi, ignotus |
pardon, forgive |
| impatiens, impatientis (gen.), impatientior -or -us, impatientissimus -a -um |
impatient/intolerant; not moved to action by feeling; unbearable |
| imperator, imperatoris M |
emperor; general; ruler; commander |
| imperium, imperi(i) N |
command; authority; rule, supreme power; the state, the empire |
| impero, imperare, imperavi, imperatus |
order, command, levy; rule |
| imprimo, imprimere, impressi, impressus |
impress, imprint; press upon; stamp |
| in |
in, on, at; in accordance with/regard to/the case of; within |
| inaccessus, inaccessa, inaccessum |
inaccessible; unapproachable; not approached by any rival |
| incitamentum, incitamenti N |
incentive, stimulus |
| inclino, inclinare, inclinavi, inclinatus |
bend; lower; incline; decay; grow worse; set; deject |
| incolo, incolere, incolui, - |
live, dwell/reside; inhabit; sojourn |
| incredibilis, incredibilis, incredibile |
incredible; extraordinary |
| indico, indicare, indicavi, indicatus |
point out, show, indicate, expose, betray, reveal; inform against, accuse |
| indigenus, indigena, indigenum |
native, indigenous; sprung from the land |
| infans, (gen.), infantis |
speechless, inarticulate; new born; childish, foolish |
| infinitus, infinita, infinitum |
boundless, unlimited, endless; infinite |
| informo, informare, informavi, informatus |
shape, form; fashion; form an idea of |
| ingenium, ingeni(i) N |
nature, innate quality; natural disposition/capacity; character; talent |
| inmensus, inmensa, inmensum |
immeasurable, immense/vast/boundless/unending; infinitely great; innumerable |
| inscribo, inscribere, inscripsi, inscriptus |
write on/in; inscribe, brand; record as; entitle |
| insula, insulae F |
island; apartment house |
| insum, inesse, infui, infuturus |
be in/on/there; belong to; be involved in |
| intercipio, intercipere, intercepi, interceptus |
cut off; intercept, interrupt; steal |
| interpretor, interpretari, interpretatus sum |
explain/expound; interpret/prophesy from; understand/comprehend |
| interrogo, interrogare, interrogavi, interrogatus |
ask, question, interrogate, examine; indict; go to law with, sue |
| intro, intrare, intravi, intratus |
enter; go into, penetrate; reach |
| intumesco, intumescere, intumui, - |
swell up, become swollen; rise |
| invenio, invenire, inveni, inventus |
come upon; discover, find; invent, contrive; reach, manage to get |
| jaceo, jacere, jacui, jacitus |
lie; lie down; lie ill/in ruins/prostrate/dead; sleep; be situated |
| jam |
now, already, by/even now; besides |
| jucundus, jucunda -um, jucundior -or -us, jucundissimus -a -um |
pleasant/agreeable/delightful/pleasing; congenial |
| judicium, judici(i) N |
trial, legal action/process; court/tribunal; courts; administration of justice |
| jugum, jugi N |
yoke; team, pair; ridge, summit, chain |
| jussus, jussus M |
order, command, decree, ordinance |
| labo, labare, labavi, labatus |
totter, be ready to fall; begin to sink; give way; waver, decline, sink; err |
| laeto, laetare, laetavi, laetatus |
gladden, cheer; be glad/joyful, rejoice |
| lapis, lapidis M |
stone; milestone; jewel |
| laudator, laudatoris M |
praiser, one who praises; eulogist |
| liber, libera -um, liberior -or -us, liberrimus -a -um |
free; unimpeded; void of; independent, outspoken/frank; free from tribute |
| liber, libri M |
book, volume; inner bark of a tree |
| libra, librae F |
scales, balance; level; Roman pound, 12 unciae/ounces |
| libramentum, libramenti N |
weight, counterpoise |
| libro, librare, libravi, libratus |
balance,swing; hurl |
| liburna, liburnae F |
light, fast-sailing warship |
| liceo, licere, licui, - |
fetch |
| lineus, linea, lineum |
made of flax or linen |
| lito, litare, litavi, litatus |
obtain/give favorable omens from sacrifice; make offering |
| locus, loci M |
seat, rank, position; soldier's post; quarters; category; book passage, topic |
| longitudo, longitudinis F |
length |
| lucus, luci M |
grove; sacred grove |
| lux, lucis F |
light, daylight, light of day; life; world; day |
| manna, mannae F |
manna; food for the soul, divine support |
| mannus, manni M |
pony |
| mare, maris N |
sea; sea water |
| mas, (gen.), maris |
male; masculine, of the male sex; manly, virile, brave, noble; G:masculine |
| mater, matris F |
mother, foster mother; lady, matron; origin, source, motherland, mother city |
| meatus, meatus M |
movement along line, course/path; progress; line followed; channel; passage-way |
| medius, media, medium |
middle, middle of, mid; common, neutral, ordinary, moderate; ambiguous |
| memoria, memoriae F |
memory, recollection; history; time within memory |
| memoro, memorare, memoravi, memoratus |
remember; be mindful of; mention/recount/relate, remind/speak of |
| metus, metus M |
fear, anxiety; dread, awe; object of awe/dread |
| minister, ministri M |
attendant, servant, waiter; agent, aide; accomplice |
| misceo, miscere, miscui, mixtus |
mix, mingle; embroil; confound; stir up |
| modicus, modica, modicum |
moderate; temperate, restrained; small |
| modulus, moduli M |
little measure |
| moenia, moenium |
defensive/town walls, bulwarks; fortifications; fortified town; castle |
| mollis, molle, mollior -or -us, mollissimus -a -um |
soft; flexible/supple/loose/pliant; mild/tolerable; easy; calm |
| moneo, monere, monui, monitus |
remind, advise, warn; teach; admonish; foretell, presage |
| mons, montis M |
mountain; huge rock; towering heap |
| monstro, monstrare, monstravi, monstratus |
show; point out, reveal; advise, teach |
| monumentum, monumenti N |
reminder; memorial, monument, tomb; record, literary work, history, book |
| mortalis, mortalis, mortale |
mortal, transient; human, of human origin |
| mox |
soon, next |
| muliebris, muliebris, muliebre |
feminine, womanly, female; woman's; womanish, effeminate |
| multiplicatio, multiplicationis F |
multiplication; act of increasing in number/quantity; multiple |
| multus, multa -um, -, plurimus -a -um |
much, many, great, many a; large, intense, assiduous; tedious |
| murmur, murmuris |
murmur/mutter; whisper/rustle, hum/buzz; low noise; roar/growl/grunt/rumble |
| muto, mutare, mutavi, mutatus |
move, change, shift, alter, exchange, substitute; modify |
| mutuus, mutua, mutuum |
borrowed, lent; mutual, in return |
| nam |
for, on the other hand; for instance |
| nascor, nasci, natus sum |
be produced spontaneously, come into existence/being; spring forth, grow; live |
| natio, nationis F |
nation, people; birth; race, class, set; gentiles; heathens |
| navis, navis F |
ship |
| necessitas, necessitatis F |
need/necessity; inevitability; difficult straits; poverty; obligation; bond |
| necessitudo, necessitudinis F |
obligation; bond, connection, affinity; compulsion; needs; poverty; relative |
| neglego, neglegere, neglexi, neglectus |
disregard, neglect, ignore, regard of no consequence; do nothing about; despise |
| nemus, nemoris N |
wood, forest |
| nervus, nervi M |
sinew/muscle/nerve; hamstring; tendon; stringed instrument |
| nobilis, nobile, nobilior -or -us, nobilissimus -a -um |
noble, well born; aristocratic; outstanding; important/prominent |
| nobilitas, nobilitatis F |
nobility/noble class; birth/descent; fame/excellence; the nobles; rank |
| nomino, nominare, nominavi, nominatus |
name, call |
| nonnullus, nonnulla, nonnullum (gen -ius) |
some, several, a few; one and another; considerable |
| nonus, -a, -um |
9th |
| norma, normae F |
carpenter's square; standard, pattern |
| novus, nova -um, novior -or -us, novissimus -a -um |
new, fresh, young; unusual, extraordinary |
| numen, numinis N |
divine will, divinity; god |
| numero, numerare, numeravi, numeratus |
count, add up, reckon/compute; consider; relate; number/enumerate, catalog; pay |
| numerus, numeri M |
number/sum/total/rank; numerical strength/plurality; category; tally |
| nuper, -, nuperrime |
recently, not long ago; in recent years/our own time; latest in series |
| ob |
on account of, for the sake of, for; instead of; right before |
| obicio, obicere, objeci, objectus |
throw before/to, cast; object, oppose; upbraid; throw in one's teeth; present |
| obligo, obligare, obligavi, obligatus |
bind, oblige |
| observatio, observationis F |
observation, attention, action of watching/taking notice; surveillance; usage |
| observo, observare, observavi, observatus |
watch, observe; heed |
| obses, obsidis |
hostage; pledge, security |
| occido, occidere, occidi, occisus |
kill, murder, slaughter, slay; cut/knock down; weary, be the death/ruin of |
| offendo, offendere, offendi, offensus |
offend, give offense; displease/annoy/vex; trouble/upset, hurt |
| officium, offici(i) N |
duty, obligation; kindness; service, office |
| opinor, opinari, opinatus sum |
suppose, imagine |
| oporteo, oportere, oportui, oportuitus |
require, order |
| opus, operis N |
need; work; fortifications, works |
| orbis, orbis M |
circle; territory/region; sphere |
| origo, originis F |
origin, source; birth, family; race; ancestry |
| orior, oriri, ortus sum |
rise; arise/emerge, crop up; get up; begin; originate from |
| ostendeo, ostendere, ostendi, - |
show; reveal; make clear, point out, display, exhibit |
| otium, oti(i) N |
leisure; spare time; holiday; ease/rest/peace/quiet; tranquility/calm; lull |
| palus, paludis F |
swamp, marsh |
| paries, parietis M |
wall, house wall |
| parito, paritare, paritavi, paritatus |
make ready |
| parum, minus, minime |
too/very little, not enough/so good, insufficient; less; not at all |
| pater, patris M |
father |
| patior, pati, passus sum |
suffer; allow; undergo, endure; permit |
| patria, patriae F |
native land; home, native city; one's country |
| patrius, patria, patrium |
father's, paternal; ancestral |
| paulatim |
little by little, by degrees, gradually; a small amount at a time, bit by bit |
| paveo, pavere, pavi, - |
be frightened or terrified at |
| pectus, pectoris N |
breast, heart; feeling, soul, mind |
| pendo, pendere, pependi, pensus |
weigh out; pay, pay out |
| pensio, pensionis F |
payment, installment, pension; paying out; rent; measured weight; recompense |
| percello, percellere, perculi, perculsus |
strike down; strike; overpower; dismay, demoralize, upset |
| peregrinus, peregrina, peregrinum |
foreign, strange, alien; exotic |
| perficio, perficere, perfeci, perfectus |
complete, finish; execute; bring about, accomplish; do thoroughly |
| permitto, permittere, permisi, permissus |
let through; let go through; relinquish; permit, allow; entrust; hurl |
| perpendiculum, perpendiculi N |
plummet; plumbline |
| pes, pedis M |
foot |
| peto, petere, petivi, petitus |
attack; aim at; desire; beg, entreat, ask; reach towards, make for |
| pignus, pignoris N |
pledge, hostage, mortgage; bet, stake; symbol; relict |
| placo, placare, placavi, placatus |
appease; placate; reconcile |
| plaga, plagae F |
stroke/blow/stripe/cut/thrust; wound/gash/scar, injury; misfortune; E:plague |
| plebs, plebis F |
common people, general citizens, commons/plebeians; lower class/ranks; mob/mass |
| plenus, plena -um, plenior -or -us, plenissimus -a -um |
full, plump; satisfied |
| plerus, plera, plerum |
the majority, most, very great part; about all; very many, a good many |
| plumbeus, plumbea, plumbeum |
leaden; blunt, dull; heavy; stupid; lead-colored |
| polliceor, polliceri, pollicitus sum |
promise |
| popularis, popularis, populare |
of the people; popular |
| populus, populi |
poplar tree |
| porrum, porri N |
leek |
| possum, posse, potui, - |
be able, can |
| postulo, postulare, postulavi, postulatus |
demand, claim; require; ask/pray for |
| potestas, potestatis F |
power, rule, force; strength, ability; chance, opportunity |
| potior, potior, potius |
better/preferable/superior; more useful/effective; more important |
| praeceps, (gen.), praecipitis |
head first, headlong; steep, precipitous |
| praeceptor, praeceptoris M |
teacher, instructor |
| praecipuus, praecipua, praecipuum |
particular, especial |
| praejudicium, praejudici(i) N |
precedent, example; prejudgment |
| praesagium, praesagi(i) N |
sense of foreboding; prognostication |
| praesidium, praesidi(i) N |
protection; help; guard; garrison, detachment |
| praesum, praeesse, praefui, praefuturus |
be in charge/control/head; take the lead; be present |
| praeter |
besides, except, contrary to; beyond, in front of, before; more than |
| praetermitto, praetermittere, praetermisi, praetermissus |
let pass; pass over; omit; overlook |
| precor, precari, precatus sum |
beg/implore/entreat; wish/pray for/to; pray, supplicate, beseech |
| premo, premere, pressi, pressus |
press, press hard, pursue; oppress; overwhelm |
| prex, precis F |
prayer, request |
| primus, -a, -um |
first |
| primus, prima, primum |
first, foremost/best, chief, principal; nearest/next |
| princeps, (gen.), principis |
first, foremost, leading, chief, front; earliest, original; most necessary |
| privatim |
in private; as a private citizen |
| pro |
on behalf of; before; in front/instead of; for; about; according to; as, like |
| procer, proceris M |
nobles, chiefs, princes; leading men of the country/society/profession |
| prodo, prodere, prodidi, proditus |
project, thrust forward; bring forth, produce, give birth to; create; nominate |
| proelium, proeli(i) N |
battle/fight/bout/conflict/dispute; armed/hostile encounter; bout of strength |
| prohibeo, prohibere, prohibui, prohibitus |
hinder, restrain; forbid, prevent |
| promo, promere, promsi, promptus |
take/bring out/forth; bring into view; bring out/display on the stage |
| propinquitas, propinquitatis F |
nearness, vicinity; propinquity; relationship |
| propono, proponere, proposui, propositus |
display; propose; relate; put or place forward |
| proportio, proportionis F |
proportion, proper spatial relation between parts; symmetry; analogy |
| proprius, propria, proprium |
own, very own; individual; special, particular, characteristic |
| prout |
as, just as; exactly as |
| providus, provida, providum |
prophetic; provident, characterized by forethought |
| proximus, proxima, proximum |
nearest/closest/next; most recent, immediately preceding, last; most/very like |
| puella, puellae F |
girl, child/daughter; maiden; young woman/wife; sweetheart; slavegirl |
| pugna, pugnae F |
battle, fight |
| pugno, pugnare, pugnavi, pugnatus |
fight; dispute |
| puto, putare, putavi, putatus |
think, believe, suppose, hold; reckon, estimate, value; clear up, settle |
| quaero, quaerere, quaesivi, quaesitus |
search for, seek, strive for; obtain; ask, inquire, demand |
| quando |
when, at what time; at any time |
| quantus, quanta, quantum |
how great; how much/many; of what size/amount/degree/number/worth/price |
| quasi |
as if, just as if, as though; as it were; about |
| quemadmodum |
in what way, how; as, just as; to the extent that |
| queo, quire, quivi(ii), quitus |
be able |
| quia |
because |
| quidem |
indeed, certainly, even, at least; ne...quidem-- not...even |
| quisquam, cuiusquam |
any, anyone anything; any man, any person |
| quod |
with respect to which |
| quoniam |
because, since, seeing that |
| quoquo |
whoever; whatever, whatsoever; every one who; everything which; each one; each |
| rarus, rara -um, rarior -or -us, rarissimus -a -um |
thin, scattered; few, infrequent; rare; in small groups; loose knit |
| ratiocinor, ratiocinari, ratiocinatus sum |
compute, calculate; argue, infer, conclude |
| recens, (gen.), recentis |
fresh, recent; rested |
| receptaculum, receptaculi N |
receptacle; place of refuge, shelter |
| recipio, recipere, recepi, receptus |
keep back; recover; undertake; guarantee; accept, take in; take back |
| redundo, redundare, redundavi, redundatus |
overflow; be too numerous |
| refello, refellere, refelli, - |
refute, rebut |
| refero, referre, rettuli, relatus |
bring/carry back/again/home; move/draw/force back, withdraw; go back, return |
| rego, regere, rexi, rectus |
rule, guide; manage, direct |
| religio, religionis F |
supernatural constraint/taboo; obligation; sanction; worship; rite; sanctity |
| relinquo, relinquere, reliqui, relictus |
leave behind, abandon; be left, remain; bequeath |
| repercutio, repercutere, repercussi, repercussus |
cause to rebound, reflect, strike against |
| reperio, reperire, repperi, repertus |
discover, learn; light on; find/obtain/get; find out/to be, get to know; invent |
| resideo, residere, resedi, resessus |
sit down/on/in; settle; be perched; remain seated/idle/fixed/in place; squat |
| restituo, restituere, restitui, restitutus |
restore; revive; bring back; make good |
| reverentia, reverentiae F |
respect, deference, restraint; awe, reverence; shyness, felling of misgiving |
| ripa, ripae F |
bank |
| rivus, rivi M |
stream |
| sacer, sacra, sacrum |
sacred, holy, consecrated; accursed, horrible, detestable |
| sacrifico, sacrificare, sacrificavi, sacrificatus |
sacrifice; celebrate the Mass |
| sagitta, sagittae F |
arrow |
| salus, salutis F |
health; prosperity; good wish; greeting; salvation, safety |
| sancio, sancire, sanxi, sanctus |
confirm, ratify; sanction; fulfill; enact; ordain; dedicate |
| sanctus, sancta -um, sanctior -or -us, sanctissimus -a -um |
consecrated, sacred, inviolable; venerable, august, divine, holy, pious, just |
| saxum, saxi N |
stone |
| scorpio, scorpionis M |
scorpion; small catapult; plant |
| scribo, scribere, scripsi, scriptus |
write; compose |
| scutum, scuti N |
shield |
| se |
reflexive; -self |
| secor, seci, secutus sum |
follow; escort/attend/accompany; aim at/reach after/strive for/make for/seek |
| secretus, secreta -um, secretior -or -us, secretissimus -a -um |
separate, apart; private, secret; remote; hidden |
| sedeo, sedere, sedi, sessus |
sit, remain; settle; encamp |
| semper |
always |
| separo, separare, separavi, separatus |
divide, distinguish; separate |
| septentrionalis, septentrionalis, septentrionale |
northern, north-; in northern hemisphere; North |
| septimus, -a, -um |
7th |
| seu |
or if; or |
| sex |
6 |
| sic |
thus, so; as follows; in another way; in such a way |
| sicut |
as, just as; like; in same way; as if; as it certainly is; as it were |
| significatio, significationis F |
signal, outward sign; indication, applause; meaning; suggestion, hint |
| signum, signi N |
battle standard; indication; seal; sign, proof; signal; image, statue |
| simplex, (gen.), simplicis |
single; simple, unaffected; plain |
| sin |
but if; if on the contrary |
| sino, sinere, sivi, situs |
allow, permit |
| sinus, sini M |
bowl for serving wine, etc |
| sol, solis M |
sun |
| soleo, solere, solitus sum |
be in the habit of; become accustomed to |
| solidus, solida -um, solidior -or -us, solidissimus -a -um |
solid; same material throughout, unalloyed; not hollow; dense; unbroken/whole |
| sono, sonere, sonui, sonitus |
make a noise/sound; speak/utter, emit sound; be spoken of; express/denote |
| sonus, soni M |
noise, sound |
| sors, sortis F |
lot, fate; oracular response |
| spargo, spargere, sparsi, sparsus |
scatter, strew, sprinkle; spot |
| spatium, spati(i) N |
space; area/expanse, room; intervening space, gap/interval; length/width |
| species, speciei F |
sight, appearance, show; splendor, beauty; kind, type |
| spes, spei F |
hope/anticipation/expectation; prospect/hope/promise |
| structilis, structilis, structile |
used in building |
| struo, struere, struxi, structus |
build, construct |
| studium, studi(i) N |
eagerness, enthusiasm, zeal, spirit; devotion, pursuit, study |
| sub |
under; up to, up under, close to; until, before, up to, about |
| summus, summa, summum |
highest, the top of; greatest; last; the end of |
| sumo, sumere, sumpsi, sumptus |
take up; begin; suppose, assume; select; purchase; exact; obtain |
| supo, supare, supavi, supatus |
throw; pour; strew, scatter |
| surculus, surculi M |
shoot, sprout |
| suspicio, suspicere, suspexi, suspectus |
look up to; admire |
| symmetria, symmetriae F |
symmetry; due proportion between parts; relative measure of parts/proportion |
| tam |
so, so much; to such an extent/degree; nevertheless, all the same |
| tamen |
yet, nevertheless, still |
| tamquam |
as, just as, just as if; as it were, so to speak; as much as; so as |
| tango, tangere, tetigi, tactus |
touch, strike; border on, influence; mention |
| temere |
rashly, blindly |
| tendo, tendere, tetendi, tensus |
stretch/spread/extend; distend; aim/direct weapon/glance/steps/course; strive |
| ter |
three times; on three occasions |
| terreo, terrere, terrui, territus |
frighten, scare, terrify, deter |
| testimonium, testimoni(i) N |
testimony; deposition; evidence; witness |
| testis, testis |
testicle |
| timeo, timere, timui, - |
fear, dread, be afraid |
| tollo, tollere, sustuli, sublatus |
lift, raise; destroy; remove, steal; take/lift up/away |
| trado, tradere, tradidi, traditus |
hand over, surrender; deliver; bequeath; relate |
| transgredior, transgredi, transgressus sum |
cross, go/move/travel over/across; go to other side; change allegiance/policy |
| transversarius, transversaria, transversarium |
transverse; lying across/from side to side |
| trepido, trepidare, trepidavi, trepidatus |
tremble, be afraid, waver |
| triplex, (gen.), triplicis |
threefold, triple; three |
| tristis, tristis, triste |
sad, sorrowful; gloomy |
| tumulus, tumuli M |
mound, hillock; mound, tomb |
| tunc |
then, thereupon, at that time |
| turma, turmae F |
troop, squadron |
| tympanum, tympani N |
small drum or like; revolving cylinder |
| ullus, ulla, ullum (gen -ius) |
any |
| ultra, ulterius, ultimum |
beyond, further; on the other side; more, more than, in addition, besides |
| ululo, ululare, ululavi, ululatus |
howl, yell, shriek; celebrate or proclaim with howling |
| utor, uti, usus sum |
use, make use of, enjoy; enjoy the friendship of |
| vagitus, vagitus M |
crying |
| varius, varia, varium |
different; various, diverse; changing; colored; party colored, variegated |
| vectis, vectis M |
crowbar, lever |
| vehementer, vehementius, vehementissime |
vehemently, vigorously; exceedingly, very much |
| velut |
just as, as if |
| veneror, venerari, veneratus sum |
adore, revere, do homage to, honor, venerate; worship; beg, pray, entreat |
| venio, venire, veni, ventus |
come |
| verbero, verberare, verberavi, verberatus |
beat, strike, lash |
| vereor, vereri, veritus sum |
revere, respect; fear; dread |
| vero |
yes; in truth; certainly; truly, to be sure; however |
| vertex, verticis M |
whirlpool, eddy, vortex; crown of the head; peak, top, summit; the pole |
| verto, vertere, verti, versus |
turn, turn around; change, alter; overthrow, destroy |
| verus, vera -um, verior -or -us, verissimus -a -um |
true, real, genuine, actual; properly named; well founded; right, fair, proper |
| vestis, vestis F |
garment, clothing, blanket; clothes; robe |
| vetus, veteris (gen.), veterior -or -us, veterrimus -a -um |
old, aged, ancient; former; veteran, experienced; long standing, chronic |
| vetustas, vetustatis F |
old age; antiquity; long duration |
| victor, (gen.), victoris |
triumphant |
| victoria, victoriae F |
victory |
| viginti |
20 |
| vincio, vincire, vinxi, vinctus |
bind, fetter; restrain |
| vir, viri M |
man; husband; hero; person of courage, honor, and nobility |
| virga, virgae F |
twig, sprout, stalk; switch, rod; staff, wand; stripe/streak; scepter |
| virtus, virtutis F |
strength/power; courage/bravery; worth/manliness/virtue/character/excellence |
| vocabulum, vocabuli N |
noun, common/concrete noun; word used to designate thing/idea, term, name |
| volo, volare, volavi, volatus |
fly |
| voluntas, voluntatis F |
will, desire; purpose; good will; wish, favor, consent |
| voluptas, voluptatis F |
pleasure, delight, enjoyment |
| vox, vocis F |
voice, tone, expression |
| vulnus, vulneris N |
wound; mental/emotional hurt; injury to one's interests; wound of love |